ABSTRACT
As with many other male-dominated sports, for over a century of its history, Australian Rules Football organizations resisted and undermined women's participation in the game. The first league for women footballers commenced in Victoria in 1981. Since then, the growth in women's participation has been substantial, and in 2017, a professional women's Australian Football League (AFLW) commenced. The next phase of the participation of women in football is approaching, and heralds an opportunity for women to (re)gain power within the sport. In October 2019, thirty percent of women players rejected the proposed Collective Bargaining Agreement from the Australian Football League (AFL), with the underlying sentiment of wanting a stronger voice in the vision for the future of their game. This paper examines how changing participation rates in community football can transform the narrative of women's football from one of subsidized welfare to women players being necessary for the survival of football.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 outbreak that began in December 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province in central China, is a pandemic that spreads quickly and creates major challenges for global public health and the economy. It is unknown how big the consequences of the outbreak will be, but in the worst case they can be large in several countries. Infectious diseases have throughout history constituted an extensive burden for animals and humans globally, and new, serious infectious agents will continue to emerge and challenge public and animal health. The most significant infections in humans originated from animals, which shows that the health of animals and humans is closely linked. Society must therefore always have solid preparedness against serious infections in both animals and humans. Infection control includes measures to prevent and manage health threats related to infectious diseases. It is therefore crucial that professional environments, authorities, businesses and society in general give this area a high priority and know how to do it at all times act when this type of crisis occurs. In this article, a number of basic terms related to infection control are defined, and an overview of risk assessments of sources of infection is given. One section discusses infection control in a historical, sociological and political context, and an overview of infection control measures in veterinary medicine is also presented, as well as some assessments when choosing measures. Finally, the authors come up with some thoughts about the role of the veterinary professions in the future work on infection control.
ABSTRACT
The beginning to this paper discusses the ongoing evolution of bacteria, notably viruses, the most successful and common creatures in the biosphere. In the very long narrative of human history, only a very small recent incident occurs. After being the first species to control fire, H. erectus fled Africa to settle in Asia and Europe. Equatorial species diversity provided a plenty of food, but it also resulted in an abundance of insects that may harbor pathogens. The first dangers to health, not domestication, came from the Tse tse fly, Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes, and other mobile disease carriers. Human intestines were a smooth ride for helminths. A second outbreak of the bubonic plague decimated half of Europe's population in a span of years in 1348. It was followed by the first European contact with the Americas, which resulted in a sharp drop in local American populations due to European diseases and harsh treatment. Mexico experienced one of the worst demographic catastrophes ever recorded in history in the 16th century, when 60 to 80% of the people died. Salmonella enterica paratyphi, the intestinal bacteria that causes paratyphoid fever, had its DNA found in a mass grave from that period and place. The article's conclusion highlights the eradication of infectious diseases, which was made possible by pesticides, vaccines, plumbing, and antibiotics, as the greatest accomplishment of the 20th century. This is "one of the indisputably important achievements of our species," according to this report. Without a doubt, it contributed significantly to the growth of the human population to heights above a billion. Even if COVID-19 appeared as the novel was being written, the main narrative is nevertheless supported by the rapid development of a vaccine. Yes, there will always be new epidemics, especially as human communities become more encircled by wild rodent populations, but scientific improvements also shield us from total extinction.
ABSTRACT
The islands of Barbuda and Puerto Rico share a history of dispossession and exploitation, occupying a peripheric position in a core-periphery world system. Yet, each island's response to COVID-19, and the subsequent effects of the pandemic, could not be more different. This paper examines how colonialism and neocolonialism affected the islands' ability to respond to COVID-19. Barbuda relied on community traditions of support and self-reliance and was able to restrict all travel to and from the island, including travelers from the diaspora and those participating in its informal economic sector. In doing so, Barbuda effectively isolated itself from infection. On the other hand, Puerto Rico, in a protracted economic crisis, was particularly vulnerable to touristic flows, diasporic movements, and a large informal sector. The Puerto Rican response was shaped by deep politicization in the mainland U.S., which complicated an evidence-based strategy to combat the emergency. These cases show that islands, particularly those located in peripheric or subaltern spaces, cannot isolate themselves from the worst effects of COVID-19 through mere geography. Pandemics are not only driven by biological events but also by the narratives of colonialism, encompassing political, economic, and cultural factors, which determine their trajectories - sometimes with devastating outcomes.
ABSTRACT
Recognizing the renewed national awareness of racial tensions and economic disparities, the need for solace in the wake of the coronavirus pandemic, and the legacy of the events of September 11, 2001, American art museums have unique opportunities to provide safe spaces in which to encourage mutual respect through interfaith dialogue. This case study highlights the important role that museums can play in exploring diverse points of view and in inspiring empathy and religious understanding. The authors examine the mutual benefits of bringing together museum staff, academics, faith and community leaders, and docents of various faiths, with each contributing their own expertise to the process. This article considers the opportunities and criteria for selecting artworks that effectively present recurring themes of shared fundamental beliefs across history and cultures, and introduces an innovative touring model that promotes open and respectful discourse and our common humanity.
ABSTRACT
In historical and prehistoric times, various pathogens from human origin or from animals to humans have affected millions of people as diseases such as plague, smallpox, and tularemia. It is known that epidemic diseases played a role in the historical records on the way to the collapse of the Hittite state. There are many records of epidemics in ancient Greek and Roman states. Geographical discoveries have opened up new opportunities for the spread of diseases. The corona virus epidemic, which emerged in China at the end of 2019 and spread from there to the whole world, was named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization. It causes problems in many parts of the body in addition to the respiratory tract. COVID-19 has become the biggest epidemic of recent years, affecting millions of people. Restrictions against COVID-19 have raised concerns about health problems in people as well as economy. Psychological problems, anxiety and sleep disorders related to decreased sociality have been reported in many studies. Possible problems due to inactivity are areas where more data can be revealed in the future. The purpose of this review is to gather historical information on past outbreaks and present some of the selected effects of the current Covid-19 outbreak on human health.
ABSTRACT
This special issue contains 6 articles discussing epidemics in the history of Latin America. Specifically, topics include: smallpox in Santiago, Concepcion, and Santafe during 1782-1807;epidemics and state health in Santiago de Chile;the bubonic plague of 1903-1905 and COVID-19 in the southern Andean region of Peru;the remembrance of Spanish flu in Bogota in during the COVID-19 pandemic;health care during crises;and a chronicle of a pandemic before its arrival in Brazil, 1957.
ABSTRACT
The similarity of the consequences of COVID-19 reminded us of the destruction caused by the Spanish flu over a century ago and led us to find similarities in the way the two pandemics were handled. PRISMA Guideline was followed for a systematic search to identify eligible published articles. Information about the public health measures adopted during both the pandemics was taken from literature. It was found that there are parallels between the two pandemics in terms of general unpreparedness, attitudes of the community and government, and various policy issues. All the measures implemented in 2020 were the same as those implemented in 1918-1919, with the same trend, uncertainty, early relaxing, and rapid reversals. Even from a scientific standpoint, all the elements were already known. All the issues such as social isolation, intra-family spread, personal protective equipment, medicine types (quinine, aspirin, anti-inflammatories, etc.), immunization requirements, and so on had already been addressed. No doubt, we do have technology today at our disposal for managing the spread of the disease and even spread awareness among people much easily. We also have taken many steps forward in the world of globalization, which make the progression and spread of the pandemic very fast as well. Both factors tend to counter each other and hence make timely public health intervention as important (if not more) today as it was yesterday. When possible, approaches and goals should be found on scientific facts and include ethical input. Finally, we must take careful notice of past local and national lessons to avoid repeating the mistakes done in the past. The development of a strategy ahead of time that includes all levels of government health infrastructure and outlines clear lines of duties and functions is critical. The main objective of this article was to compare the public health measures undertaken during the pandemic of Spanish Flu and the pandemic of COVID-19, and assess the similarities and differences in the public health measures taken during these pandemics. The correlation of the public health measures and the outcomes was assessed and the implication of this article was to be pandemic-ready in the future.
ABSTRACT
This article presents a compilation of the history of rural development in Colombia, through the economic political complex articulated with reality and its conflicts, which have generated an adverse episode for the competitiveness of the agricultural sector an d in turn an impact on the economic, social and cultural level. Afteraward, analyzing the actors, the complexity of the agricultural sector related to land ownership, analyzing the impact of factors such as biological risks, economic openness and peace agreements as new alternatives to generate competitive, sustainable development for communities, environment and territories. Finally, some alternatives are resolved that can achieve favorable changes in the sector, considering the implementation of the peace accords, the decentralization of the country, the recovery of ancestral knowledge and the strengthening of public institutions through research.
ABSTRACT
China has rich cultural heritage and culinary resources, inherent conditions for the development of culinary tourism. Beijing is the capital city of China;it is also one of global cities, coupled with wealthy social, cultural and historical resources that attracted millions of tourists and visitors from all over the world every year. In the past few decades, the urbanization movement in China has placed Beijing in the hottest spot bringing in thousands domestic or foreign citizens to live and work in the city. Today, foods in Beijing collected various cuisines from all over the places of the country, representing aggregated Chinese culinary arts. This paper attempt to describe culinary experience in Beijing, hopefully it will triggers readers' curiosity toward china's food and culture. Based on the comparative analysis of literature and the investigation of the development status and trend of Beijing Tourism under the influence of the global pandemic, Covid-19, this paper summarizes, envision, and enlighten the strength of Beijing's culinary tourism resources and offers ideas and suggestions for the future development of Beijing's culinary tourism industry.
ABSTRACT
The city's image is not only translated by wooded avenues, streets, buildings and historical monuments, but also by squares. Those are symbols of humanity's history since the Greek Agora, passing through the Roman Forum to nowadays' modern squares. Such spaces present different functions, projected by means of sociability and leisure practices experienced by diverse social groups. Besides that, they own different configuration and activities directed to different users from different age groups, so the researchers have a gathering of children, teenagers, adults and old people. Regarding activities/functionalities, there are circulation, leisure, contemplation, resting, cultural, educational, psychological, aesthetic and environmental varying from place to place. Thus, this research aims at analyzing the squares in the small town of Juranda-PR, highlighting the functionality of such public spaces. Methodological base consists in bibliographical research in scientific journals, books, dissertations and theses on public squares;on-site research in two squares surveying the main types of equipment and structures. Results show that environmental, aesthetic and social functions are predominant. However, since February 2020, sociability among citizens in the squares have been practically annulated due to the coronavirus pandemic, obliging the population to social isolation, leaving the squares totally empty.
ABSTRACT
Examination of global epidemics in history shows that, despite destructive consequences, each epidemic offers a change-transformation opportunity. Since the beginning of humanity, global epidemics have had heavy, lasting and profound economic and social impacts. Despite all these difficulties and transformations, humanity's unlimited resilience and ability to adapt is extraordinary, and various examples and evidence in history testify to this. Considering the other epidemics examined in the study, besides Covid-19, common features were observed in the context of international trade and economic results. If the leading economies can reduce their disagreements to some extent, agreements and solutions that will allow the continuation of the global economy and international trade even under the most difficult conditions will be reached. At the beginning of these solutions, it may be possible for every nation to secure its own agricultural production and food sovereignty.
ABSTRACT
In this paper the researchers tried to analyze the evolution of tourists that visit the Oradea city between 2019-2021. Following this evolution the researchers noticed that the largest number of tourists who visited the city was in 2019 being preceded by 2020, when due to the coronavirus crisis number of tourists was lowest. The researchers also analyzed in what types of units did these tourists stay when they arrived here. The researchers started by presenting the city and a bit of its history. After which the researchers wanted to get acquainted with this locality from a cultural point of view being the capital of art nouveau, from the point of view of hydrography there are thermal waters invested in the Nymphaea Aquapark park, from a gastronomic point of view Oradea has a network of public food units specialized in local gastronomic products. All these strengths bring Oradea to the first tourist cities in the country.
ABSTRACT
In 2020 the world faces an unprecedented challenge consequence of the coronavirus pandemic. Soccer, arguably, one of the most globalized industries, has reacted to the event by closing down much of its operations. This paper reviews the speed and breadth of such closures and compares it to another major event in history: The Second World War. During the latter, soccer continued operations despite the apparent difficulties. Total closures were, for the most part, temporary, and the sport was practiced whenever possible. The way that soccer operated during the war contrasts with how it has responded to the COVID-19 crisis. In record time, virtually all leagues in the world stopped operations, and for the first time since its foundation, with but a few exceptions, there were no games anywhere in the world.
ABSTRACT
Postponing the Tokyo 2020 Olympics due to the global outbreak of COVID-19 marks a unique moment in the history of the Olympic Movement. For the first time since the cancellation of the Olympic Games during both World Wars, the Olympics will not take place as scheduled. This unprecedented postponement strongly impacts the Olympic Movement. Although only the future can tell exactly, the Antwerp 1920 Olympics can offer certain historical insights. Exactly 100 years ago, the Antwerp Olympic Games were the first Olympics organized after World War I and the Spanish flu pandemic. Their value in terms of rising the Olympic Movement from its ashes is vital. Profoundly promoting its identity, newly introduced Olympic symbols then helped avoiding the collapse of the Olympic Movement. Acknowledged as the "Games Reborn", the Antwerp 1920 Olympics were strongly about recovery, helping to heal a wounded society. How could Tokyo 2020 fulfill the same role?